The Russian invasion in 2022 triggered a massive energy crisis, particularly in Europe, where gas prices -- then largely dependent on imports from Russia -- soared.
Four years later, the continent is instead importing liquid natural gas (LNG) in large volumes, notably from Qatar -- one of the countries caught up in Iran's retaliation against US and Israeli attacks.
Europe also remains dependent on oil from the Middle East, where ships have been blocked and sometimes targeted by Iranian strikes.
Regarding its energy security, "Europe is facing the biggest wake?up call since the invasion in Ukraine", said Ana Maria Jaller?Makarewicz, analyst for the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA).
For Jan Rosenow, professor of energy and climate policy at the University of Oxford, the latest conflict prompted a sense of "deja vu", recalling 2022.
"What this shows is that we haven't really learned the lessons that we should have learned from that experience. When you look at the dependency rate of Europe on oil and gas -- it hasn't really gone down."
- Energy transition -
Despite countries' pledging to reduce their burning of planet-warming fossil fuels, Europe remains dependent on them for more than two-thirds of its energy consumption -- primarily for vehicles, heating and industry -- according to the International Energy Agency.
Only electricity generation has clearly decarbonised in recent years. Fossil fuels produced just 29 percent of the European Union's electricity last year, according to research group Ember.
Across Europe, political appetite for further investment in renewable energy for the wider economy has faded.
Countries are far short of global targets for shifting away from fossil fuels despite pledges under the 2015 Paris climate agreement, with some countries -- notably the United States -- even rolling back commitments.
The new war meanwhile drove up oil prices by about seven percent on Monday, while European gas prices skyrocketed by more than 30 percent.
For climate leaders, this highlights the need to get the transition back on track.
"The global transition is still too slow," United Nations climate chief Simon Stiell warned on LinkedIn.
Renewables, he wrote, are now "the obvious pathway to energy security and sovereignty".
- Fossil fuel reliance -
Even if gas dependency has shifted from Russia to suppliers such as the United States, the fresh unrest exposes Europe's "continued reliance on imported fossil fuels traded on volatile global markets", said Simone Tagliapietra, a researcher at European think tank Bruegel.
"Rather than slowing down the low-carbon transition, the new tensions show that the deployment of clean, domestically produced energy sources should be accelerated," he said.
"Only by reducing structural dependence on oil and LNG imports can Europe durably shield its economy from recurrent external shocks."
Between 10 and 15 percent of Europe's gas imports come from Qatar.
European gas prices jumped after QatarEnergy, the state?owned energy company, announced a halt in LNG production following an Iranian drone attack.
"Historically, fossil fuels were promised to deliver... some form of freedom, some form of democracy, some form of growth, and above all, some form of security," said Pauline Heinrichs, a climate diplomacy specialist at King's College London.
"I think this illegal and unnecessary war is both a reminder that this is obviously false and, second, that this is, at least in security terms, an illusion."
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